Ari
Region: US
Monday 23 June 2025 22:30:48 GMT
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Aj-Kj :
mommy and queen 💖💖💖
2025-06-23 22:33:14
1
luchoyandel :
lilu ?
2025-06-23 22:48:42
1
grussell903 :
Analysis of Stream Gauging and Flood Forecasting in the U.S. Overview Floods are the most frequent and costly natural disasters in the United States, accounting for up to 90% of damage related to natural disasters (excluding droughts). Over the past decade, annual flood damages have averaged $3.1 billion, and the long-term average for lives lost is 95 per year, primarily from flash floods. Key Agencies and Legal Framework National Weather Service (NWS): A division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the NWS is legally mandated by the National Weather Bureau Organic Act of 1890 to issue river forecasts and flood warnings for the benefit of agriculture and public safety. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): Chartered in 1879, the USGS is the nation’s leading earth science agency and the principal source of river depth and flow data. It operates the majority of the nation’s stream-gaging stations, which are essential for flood forecasting. Stream-Gauging Network Scope: The USGS operates and maintains over 85% of the nation’s stream-gaging stations, including 98% of those used for real-time river forecasting. As of the report, there were 7,292 stations, with 4,200 equipped for real-time satellite data transmission. Data Utilization: The NWS uses data from 3,971 of these stations to forecast river depth and flow at 4,017 forecast-service locations, covering both major rivers and smaller streams near urban areas. Measurement Methods Stage (Water Depth): Continuously monitored using automated equipment, with data transmitted via satellite radios to ensure real-time reporting even during extreme weather. Discharge (Flow): Typically estimated using stage/discharge relationships (rating curves), which are periodically updated by USGS personnel to account for changes in river cross-sections due to sediment movement or flooding events. Flood Forecasting Process Modeling: The NWS develops and calibrates mathematical models for rivers and streams based on historical discharge data and updated rating curves. These models estimate river response to rainfall and snowmelt. Forecast Updates: During flood events, forecasts are updated as new rainfall an
2025-07-16 00:57:31
1
António Carvalho :
Drain my wallet queen
2025-06-23 22:50:21
1
Dexter :
all up in it 💪🏿 🙌🏿 😎 🤪
2025-06-26 03:03:00
0
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